Groups at risk of disease | Dietary and lifestyle factor | Results |
Intestinal-related disease | Vegetarians, vegans, and controls | Vegetarians: Enterobacteriaceae ↓, risk of CRC ↓; |
GOS and the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium adolescent IVS-1 | Improvement in colonic permeability, Bifidobacterium ↑; |
l-Arabinose | Composition and diversity of the gut microbiota ↑, symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease ↓; |
Goji supplementation | Actinobacteria ↑, Bifidobacterial ↑, Lachnospiraceae-Ruminococcaceae ↑, and Roseburia ↑, prevention of colitis in IL-10-deficient mice; |
Inulin-type fructans | The abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae ↑; |
Isomaltodextrin | Relative abundance of Coprococcus ↓, alpha-diversity, richness, and evenness in female mice ↑; |
Galactoglucomannan and arabinoglucuronoxylan | Growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides ↑; |
The prebiotic Bimuno (2.8 g/day, containing 1.37 g beta-galactooligosaccharide) | Abundance of Bifidobacterium sequences ↑, Bilophila wadsworthia ↓; |
| | |
T2DM | High-fiber diet | The diversity of gut microbiota↑, HbA1c levels ↑, the partly production of glucagon-like peptide-1 ↑; |
Metformin and AMC | Blautia ↑ in both groups; Faecalibacterium ↑ in the AMC group; |
A fiber-rich macrobiotic /control | Faecalibacterium ↑, fasting blood glucose ↓, Akkermansia and Bacteroides ↑, LDL-cholesterol↑, Ruminococcus ↑, fasting blood glucose ↓; |
Dietary inulin | Relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and Bacteroides ↑, relative abundance of Ruminiclostridium_6 ↓; |
Diet enriched or not with 100 g of sardines | Firmicutes ↓, Escherichia coli ↑, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓, Bacteroides- Prevotella↑; |
Fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides | Bifidobacterium ↑; |
Mannan-oligosaccharides | Improved the hypoglycemic effects of metformin in association with gut microbiota modulation ↑, relative abundance of family Rikenellaceae and order Clostridiales ↓; |
Weighted or unweighted UniFrac and a strict vegetarian diet | Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes ↑; |
| | |
Obesity | Interactions between dietary components (fiber, meat, and fat intake)/normal | High intake of fat and red meat ↑, alpha diversity↓; |
HPD/normal | HPD: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased amino acid degradation; |
Coix seed | Abundance of genera Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, and Akkermansia ↑; |
Prospective 12-week dietary intervention (see article for details) | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓, abundance of Prevotellaceae ↑; |
Polysaccharides isolated from Hirsutella sinensis | Parabacteroides goldsteinii ↑, Clostridiales ↓; |
29% protein, 66% fat, 5% carbohydrates | Roseburia ↓, SCFA ↓, toxic metabolites (N-nitroso compounds) ↑; |
Blueberry polyphenol extract | Weight loss, Bifidobacterium ↑; |
Mannan-oligosaccharide | Body weight ↓, serum lipids and insulin resistance ↓, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓; |
Physical activity | Akkermansia ↑, gut microbial diversity ↑; |
Galactooligosaccharide mixture supplementation | Bifidobacteria ↑, no significant change in obesity parameters; |
| | |
CNS | Intermittent fasting | Pro-inflammatory T cells ↓, Lactobacilli ↑; |
B-GOS prebiotic intervention | Abundance of Bifidobacterium ↑; |
Probiotic VSL3 | Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium ↑; |
Inulin-type fructans | Bifidobacterium ↑; |
Prebiotics 3′ sialyllactose and 6′ sialyllactose | Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria ↓, Bacteroidetes ↑; |
Schisandra chinensis | Relative Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio ↑; |
Vivomixx | Abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes ↑; |
| | |
CVD | Dietary fiber intervention/no intervention | Abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ↑; |
Prebiotic inulin or probiotic Lactobacillus | Plasma TMAO level and TMAO to TMA ratio ↓, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio ↓, abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia ↑; |
High-flavonoid or low flavonoid diets | C. leptum-R. bromii/flavefaciens, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides/Prevotella ↑; |
Pterostilbene | Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ↓, abundance of Bacteroides ↑; |
Olive pomace-enriched biscuit | Bifidobacteria abundance ↑; |
Xanthohumol derivatives | Abundance of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes ↓, alters bile acid metabolism and reduces inflammation; |
Diet with and without seafood | Diet without seafood: TMA ↓, relative abundance of Clostridium cluster IV ↓, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↑; |
Fermented green tea extract | Proportion of the phylum Firmicutes ↓; |
Moderate-intensity Exercise | Relative abundance of Butyricimonas and Akkermansia ↑; |
A maize-based whole grain breakfast | The levels of fecal Bifidobacterium ↑; |