如何抵抗高蛋白饮食带来的影响,看这里?
肠道菌群是一个动态而复杂的生态系统,由数万亿微生物和数千种细菌组成。微生物活性影响宿主代谢、免疫和神经系统发育。肠道菌群与健康和疾病有关,包括神经退行性和代谢性疾病。微生物组成影响膳食能量摄入。反过来,饮食同样塑造了微生物群落的结构和活性。饮食变化对肠道菌群和宿主健康的影响取决于微生物群落结构的个体差异。微生物组通过与宿主建立共生关系来维持生理内稳态。
随着全球经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对富含蛋白质的食物,包括肉类、鸡蛋和牛奶的摄入量有所增加。截止到2021年,对富含蛋白质的食品的需求将达到900亿美元。来自美国科学院的非营利性医学研究所(IOM)建议成人每日蛋白质摄入量为每公斤0.6克,而世界卫生组织和联合国粮食及农业组织建议成人每日蛋白质摄入量为每公斤0.83克。此外,国际医学组织建议,从每日膳食蛋白质中摄入的能量占总能量摄入量的10-30%。15%的比例相当于0.83克/公斤的蛋白质摄入量。我们知道蛋白质提供必需氨基酸(AAs)。
目前,人们认为高蛋白饮食(HPDs)可以改善人类健康。因此,HPDs被用于实现减肥和改善肌肉功能和质量。尽管如此,蛋白质在结肠中发酵,可能会产生气体和有毒代谢物(图1)。体外和动物模型的研究表明,蛋白质发酵产物有利于结肠癌和炎症性肠病的发生和发展,特别是在极端饮食中。L-肉碱存在于动物蛋白质中,特别是红肉和加工肉中,在结肠中代谢产生三甲胺(TMA),增加心血管疾病(CVD)的风险(图2)。一些发酵产物会诱导生物失调,分别通过肠道-脑轴和血液循环影响中枢神经系统(CNS)和代谢(图3)。此外,粪便中发酵产物的浓度与饲粮蛋白质摄入量呈正相关。无论高蛋白饮食习惯持续时间,高蛋白质饮食习惯都会影响肠道菌群组成和代谢,而肠道菌群的代谢物可能会进一步促进疾病的发生与发展。。
本文汇总了部分文献研究结果,发现HPDs通常也与某些肠道菌群的变化有关,如表1所示。研究表明,长期的HPDs可能通过增加结肠细菌产生的有毒代谢物而增加这些疾病的风险。短期HPDs对65岁以下健康人的新陈代谢影响不大,但对老年人的肌肉功能有改善作用。然而,老年人摄入过多的蛋白质会减少肠道微生物的多样性,产生有毒的代谢物。服用HPDs以改善肌肉功能的运动员患病风险不会增加,这可能是由于定期锻炼的好处。相比之下,与其他蛋白质来源相比,食用红肉会增加患病风险。尽管如此,很少有研究评估蛋白质饮食和肠道微生物群对健康的影响。
科学证据表明,体育活动和摄入天然物质、益生元和益生菌改善微生物失调,有助于预防和治疗疾病,如表1所示。包括植物源性活性肽在内的生物活性物质也显示出对肠道菌群的积极作用。其对肠道菌群的作用与抗衰老和人体健康的关系有待进一步研究。一些干预研究表明,益生元和益生菌不会改变肠道菌群的结构和组成。开发既含有适当的益生菌又含有益生元的治疗配方,可能会增强宿主益生菌的作用。为了阐明益生元、益生菌和微生物代谢物对宿主生理的影响,还需要进一步的研究。此外,了解益生菌的作用机制为利用微生物治疗人类疾病和减少高蛋白饮食的不良影响提供了新的方向。
图1 蛋白质在体内的代谢过程
图2 高蛋白饮食与心血管疾病的发展历程
图3 高蛋白饮食影响中枢神经系统
表1 饮食对肠道菌群健康的影响
Groups at risk of disease | Dietary and lifestyle factor | Results |
Intestinal-related disease | Vegetarians, vegans, and controls | Vegetarians: Enterobacteriaceae ↓, risk of CRC ↓; |
GOS and the probiotic strains Bifidobacterium adolescent IVS-1 | Improvement in colonic permeability, Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
l-Arabinose | Composition and diversity of the gut microbiota ↑, symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease ↓; | |
Goji supplementation | Actinobacteria ↑, Bifidobacterial ↑, Lachnospiraceae-Ruminococcaceae ↑, and Roseburia ↑, prevention of colitis in IL-10-deficient mice; | |
Inulin-type fructans | The abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae ↑; | |
Isomaltodextrin | Relative abundance of Coprococcus ↓, alpha-diversity, richness, and evenness in female mice ↑; | |
Galactoglucomannan and arabinoglucuronoxylan | Growth of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides ↑; | |
The prebiotic Bimuno (2.8 g/day, containing 1.37 g beta-galactooligosaccharide) | Abundance of Bifidobacterium sequences ↑, Bilophila wadsworthia ↓; | |
T2DM | High-fiber diet | The diversity of gut microbiota↑, HbA1c levels ↑, the partly production of glucagon-like peptide-1 ↑; |
Metformin and AMC | Blautia ↑ in both groups; Faecalibacterium ↑ in the AMC group; | |
A fiber-rich macrobiotic /control | Faecalibacterium ↑, fasting blood glucose ↓, Akkermansia and Bacteroides ↑, LDL-cholesterol↑, Ruminococcus ↑, fasting blood glucose ↓; | |
Dietary inulin | Relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and Bacteroides ↑, relative abundance of Ruminiclostridium_6 ↓; | |
Diet enriched or not with 100 g of sardines | Firmicutes ↓, Escherichia coli ↑, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓, Bacteroides- Prevotella↑; | |
Fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides | Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
Mannan-oligosaccharides | Improved the hypoglycemic effects of metformin in association with gut microbiota modulation ↑, relative abundance of family Rikenellaceae and order Clostridiales ↓; | |
Weighted or unweighted UniFrac and a strict vegetarian diet | Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes ↑; | |
Obesity | Interactions between dietary components (fiber, meat, and fat intake)/normal | High intake of fat and red meat ↑, alpha diversity↓; |
HPD/normal | HPD: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased amino acid degradation; | |
Coix seed | Abundance of genera Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, and Akkermansia ↑; | |
Prospective 12-week dietary intervention (see article for details) | Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓, abundance of Prevotellaceae ↑; | |
Polysaccharides isolated from Hirsutella sinensis | Parabacteroides goldsteinii ↑, Clostridiales ↓; | |
29% protein, 66% fat, 5% carbohydrates | Roseburia ↓, SCFA ↓, toxic metabolites (N-nitroso compounds) ↑; | |
Blueberry polyphenol extract | Weight loss, Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
Mannan-oligosaccharide | Body weight ↓, serum lipids and insulin resistance ↓, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓; | |
Physical activity | Akkermansia ↑, gut microbial diversity ↑; | |
Galactooligosaccharide mixture supplementation | Bifidobacteria ↑, no significant change in obesity parameters; | |
CNS | Intermittent fasting | Pro-inflammatory T cells ↓, Lactobacilli ↑; |
B-GOS prebiotic intervention | Abundance of Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
Probiotic VSL3 | Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
Inulin-type fructans | Bifidobacterium ↑; | |
Prebiotics 3′ sialyllactose and 6′ sialyllactose | Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria ↓, Bacteroidetes ↑; | |
Schisandra chinensis | Relative Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio ↑; | |
Vivomixx | Abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes ↑; | |
CVD | Dietary fiber intervention/no intervention | Abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ↑; |
Prebiotic inulin or probiotic Lactobacillus | Plasma TMAO level and TMAO to TMA ratio ↓, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio ↓, abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia ↑; | |
High-flavonoid or low flavonoid diets | C. leptum-R. bromii/flavefaciens, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides/Prevotella ↑; | |
Pterostilbene | Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ↓, abundance of Bacteroides ↑; | |
Olive pomace-enriched biscuit | Bifidobacteria abundance ↑; | |
Xanthohumol derivatives | Abundance of Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes ↓, alters bile acid metabolism and reduces inflammation; | |
Diet with and without seafood | Diet without seafood: TMA ↓, relative abundance of Clostridium cluster IV ↓, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↑; | |
Fermented green tea extract | Proportion of the phylum Firmicutes ↓; | |
Moderate-intensity Exercise | Relative abundance of Butyricimonas and Akkermansia ↑; | |
A maize-based whole grain breakfast | The levels of fecal Bifidobacterium ↑; |
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