水环境中的真菌毒素有多少

  水体中存在多种类型的病原微生物，包括细菌、病毒、原生动物和丝状真菌等，目前已发现1400多种病原微生物存在于水体之中[1]。这些病原微生物可由皮肤接触、呼吸饮食等途径进入人类，导致肠道、呼吸道疾病，甚至发生传染病[2]。近三十年来的研究表明，全球各地的水体中均能发现丝状真菌污染，例如，Pereira等学者研究了葡萄牙地表水、自来水及地下水中真菌污染状况，结果发现水中共存在52种真菌，以曲霉、青霉和木霉为优势真菌属[3]。在巴西水库中，Oliveira等学者发现了地表水中村子曲霉属、青霉属、木霉属，镰刀菌属等真菌污染[4]。我国学者于鑫调查了福建厦门的地表水、公共用水、住宅用水和水箱水中丝状真菌的污染分析情况，结果发现地表水中真菌的检出率最高，检出的真菌以镰刀菌、青霉菌、曲霉菌、木霉菌、毛霉菌及根霉菌为主[5]。近期的研究表明，在我国的地下水及城镇供水系统中也存在丝状真菌污染。但由于丝状真菌很少引起急性疾病，因此目前对于水体中真菌污染问题的研究仍然较少[6]。

  水体受到丝状真菌污染后，由丝状真菌产生的代谢物会进入水体，不仅能使水质发生改变，还会对水生生物和人类的健康造成威胁[7, 8]。饮用水的水质改变与真菌产生的代谢物紧密相关，例如饮用水的嗅味可由水中球毛壳霉所产生土臭素引起[9]，丝状真菌与细菌在供水管网中形成的管壁生物膜也可能使饮用水产生嗅味[10]。目前已有研究报道了真菌毒素在水体中的污染现状，检出频率较高的真菌毒素类型包括黄曲霉毒素(B1、B2)、伏马毒素(B1)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮[11-15]。全球各地饮用水中黄曲霉毒素的浓度范围在1.6 –700 ng·L-1之间[11]，近期我国学者发现北京市饮用水样品中存在交链孢霉毒素(交链孢菌酮酸、腾毒素)污染，检出率约为18%，浓度范围在0.04 –1.1 ng·L-1之间[16]。值得注意的是，真菌毒素在瓶装饮用水中也能被检出，Mata等学者发现，葡萄牙市售瓶装饮用水中黄曲霉毒素的总浓度在1.7 – 3.2 μg·L-1之间[17]。直至目前，水体中真菌毒素的污染来源、产生途径、对水生动物和人体的生态风险及健康风险等方面的研究仍然缺乏。

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