食用菌多糖的提取：新兴技术及最新进展

食用菌多糖作为天然活性成分，近年来在食品、医药等领域备受关注。其独特的抗氧化、抗肿瘤及免疫调节等活性，推动了多糖提取技术的快速发展。从传统热水浸提到新兴的超声波、微波协同技术，科学家们不断探索高效、环保的提取方法，力求在产量与生物活性之间找到平衡点^[1]。一篇由东海大学张嘉修研究团队发表在Carbohydrate Polymers上题为“Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances”的综述为大家介绍了食用菌多糖提取的新兴技术和最新进展。

传统热水提取（hot water extraction, HWE）虽成本低廉，但高温长时间处理易导致多糖降解与蛋白质变性，且能耗较高。例如，灰树花（Grifola frondosa）在121℃下提取120分钟，多糖得率仅3.35%，且分子量因热降解显著下降至561kDa^[2]。酸/碱提取（acid- or alkaline-extraction, AE）通过破坏细胞壁连接结构，可提高不溶性多糖的得率，但强化学条件可能改变多糖构象，如平菇（Pleurotus ostreatus）经NaOH处理后，其β-葡聚糖虽得率提升，但分子量降低至30 kDa^[3]。

超声波辅助提取（ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE）利用空化效应破碎细胞壁，显著缩短提取时间。研究发现，灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）在600W超声处理60分钟后，β-葡聚糖含量较传统方法提升77%，多糖纯度达50.2% ^[4]。然而，UAE可能导致分子链断裂，如亚侧耳（Hohenbuehelia serotina）经480W处理后的多糖分子量降至1.14 kDa^[5]。微波辅助提取（microwave-assisted extraction, MAE）通过极性分子高频振动产热，实现快速穿透。香菇（Lentinula edodes）在850W微波下处理30分钟，得率达15.4%，且抗氧化活性优于传统方法^[6]。值得注意的是，MAE与超声协同（ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction, UMSE）可结合两者优势，如东方栓菌（Trametes orientalis）经协同处理后多糖得率提升至7.52%，抗肿瘤活性显著增强^[7]。

酶辅助提取（enzyme-assisted extraction, EAE）以纤维素酶、果胶酶定向降解细胞壁基质，条件温和且特异性强。蒙古口蘑（Tricholoma mongolicum）经2%纤维素酶处理127分钟，多糖纯度达80.1%，对DPPH自由基清除率较超声提取提高7%^[8]。但酶成本较高，且活性易受温度、pH影响，限制其工业化应用。亚临界水提取（subcritical water extraction, SWE）利用高温高压改变水介电常数，可同时实现提取与分级。杏鲍菇（Pleurotus eryngii）在210℃下处理，葡聚糖含量达73%，但温度超过130℃会导致多糖链断裂^[9]。脉冲电场（pulsed electric field, PEF）通过电穿孔增强膜透性，羊肚菌（Morchella esculenta）在19kV/cm场强下提取的多糖得率较传统方法提升40%，且分子量分布更均匀^[10]。

双水相提取（aqueous two-phase extraction, ATPE）凭借溶剂-盐体系的分相特性实现高效纯化。白桦茸（Inonotus obliquus）经硫酸铵/叔丁醇体系处理，多糖纯化因子达5.7倍^[11]。集成技术如EAE-UAE联用可突破单一方法局限，蜜环菌（Armillaria mellea）经复合酶预处理后超声提取，多糖得率提升至40.56%，抗氧化活性显著增强^[12]。此外，纳米均质、真空提取等创新技术为多糖提取开辟新途径，如灵芝（G. lucidum）经纳米碳化钨辅助提取，β-葡聚糖纯度达70.2%，粒径分布更均一^[13]。

技术选择需兼顾目标多糖特性与产业化需求。分子量大的多糖更适合作免疫调节剂，而低分子量片段则利于跨膜吸收^[14]。未来研究应关注技术联用机制、规模化模型构建及生命周期评估，推动食用菌多糖从实验室迈向工业化生产。通过持续优化提取工艺，这些源自食用菌的“生命之糖”将在人类健康领域谱写更辉煌的乐章。

参考文献：

[1] Leong, Y.-K., Yang, F.-C., Chang, J.-S. (2021). Extraction of polysacchparides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydr Polym, 251, 117006.

[2] Su, C.-H., Lai, M.-N., & Ng, L.-T. (2017). Effects of different extraction temperatures on the physicochemical properties of bioactive polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa. Food Chemistry, 220, 400–405.

[3] Palacios, I., García-Lafuente, A., Guillamon, ´ E., & Villares, A. (2012). Novel isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Carbohydrate Research, 358, 72–77.

[4] Alzorqi, I., Sudheer, S., Lu, T.-J., & Manickam, S. (2017). Ultrasonically extracted β-dglucan from artificially cultivated mushroom, characteristic properties and antioxidant activity. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 35, 531–540.

[5] Li, X., & Wang, L. (2016). Effect of extraction method on structure and antioxidant activity of Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 83, 270–276.

[6] Akram, K., Shahbaz, H. M., Kim, G. R., Farooq, U., & Kwon, J. H. (2017). Improved extraction and quality characterization of water-soluble polysaccharide from gamma-irradiated Lentinus edodes. J Food Sci, 82(2), 296–303.

[7] Zheng, Y., Cui, J., Chen, A.-H., Zong, Z.-M., & Wei, X.-Y. (2019). Optimization of ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(1), 147.

[8] Zhao, Y. M., Song, J. H., Wang, J., Yang, J. M., Wang, Z. B., & Liu, Y. H. (2016). Optimization of cellulase-assisted extraction process and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai. J Sci Food Agric, 96(13), 4484–4491.

[9] Rodríguez-Seoane, P., Díaz-Reinoso, B., Gonzalez-Mu ´ noz, ˜ M. J., Fernandez ´ de Ana Portela, C., & Domínguez, H. (2019). Innovative technologies for the extraction of saccharidic and phenolic fractions from Pleurotus eryngii. LWT, 101, 774–782.

[10] Liu, C., Sun, Y., Mao, Q., Guo, X., Li, P., Liu, Y., et al. (2016). Characteristics and antitumor activity of Morchella esculenta polysaccharide extracted by pulsed electric field. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(6), 986.

[11] Liu, Z., Yu, D., Li, L., Liu, X., Zhang, H., Sun, W., et al. (2019). Three-phase partitioning for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from the immunomodulatory medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(3).

[12] Yu, G., Yue, C., Zang, X., Chen, C., Dong, L., & Liu, Y. (2019). Purification, characterization and in vitro bile salt-binding capacity of polysaccharides from Armillaria mellea mushroom. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 37(1), 51–56.

[13] Park, H. G., Shim, Y. Y., Choi, S. O., & Park, W. M. (2009). New method development for nanoparticle extraction of water-soluble beta-(1–&3)-D-glucan from edible mushrooms, Sparassis crispa and Phellinus linteus. J Agric Food Chem, 57(6), 2147–2154.

[14] Zhang, J., Wen, C., Gu, J., Ji, C., Duan, Y., & Zhang, H. (2019). Effects of subcritical water extraction microenvironment on the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123, 1002–1011.

文献链接：https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33142573/