美国食品药品局细菌分析手册（BAM） 第1章 食品取样/样品匀浆的制备 (2022年4月版) BAM Chapter 1: Food Sampling/Preparation of Sample Homogenate

The adequacy and condition of the sample or specimen received for examination are of primary

importance. If samples are improperly collected and mishandled or are not representative of the

sampled lot, the laboratory results will be meaningless. Because interpretations about a large

consignment of food are based on a relatively small sample of the lot, established sampling

procedures must be applied uniformly. A representative sample is essential when pathogens or

toxins are sparsely distributed within the food or when disposal of a food shipment depends on

the demonstrated bacterial content in relation to a legal standard.

The number of units that comprise a representative sample from a designated lot of a food

product must be statistically significant. The composition and nature of each lot affects the

homogeneity and uniformity of the total sample mass. The proper statistical sampling

procedure, according to whether the food is solid, semisolid, viscous, or liquid, must be

determined by the collector at the time of sampling by using the Investigations Operation

Manual (5). Sampling and sample plans are discussed in detail in ref. 6.

Whenever possible, submit samples to the laboratory in the original unopened containers. If

products are in bulk or in containers too large for submission to the laboratory, transfer

representative portions to sterile containers under aseptic conditions. There can be no

compromise in the use of sterile sampling equipment and the use of aseptic technique. Sterilize

one-piece stainless-steel spoons, forceps, spatulas, and scissors in an autoclave or dry-heat

oven. Use of a propane torch or dipping the instrument in alcohol and igniting is dangerous and

may be inadequate for sterilizing equipment.

Use containers that are clean, dry, leak-proof, wide-mouthed, sterile, and of a size suitable for

samples of the product. Containers such as plastic jars or metal cans that are leak-proof may be

hermetically sealed. Whenever possible, avoid glass containers, which may break and

contaminate the food product. For dry materials, use sterile metal boxes, cans, bags, or packets

with suitable closures. Sterile plastic bags (for dry, unfrozen materials only) or plastic bottles are

useful containers for line samples. Take care not to overfill bags or permit puncture by wire

closure. Identify each sample unit (defined later) with a properly marked strip of masking tape.

Do not use a felt pen on plastic because the ink might penetrate the container. Whenever

possible, obtain at least 100 g for each sample unit. Submit open and closed controls of sterile

containers with the sample.

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