美国食品药品局细菌分析手册（BAM）第29章：克罗诺杆菌（2023年11月版）BAM Chapter 29 Cronobacter

Cronobacter is a Gram-negative rod within the family Enterobacteriaceae (9). The organism was called "yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae" until it was renamed Enterobacter sakazakii in 1980 (6). Urmenyi and Franklin reported the first two known cases of meningitis caused by E. sakazakii in 1961 (16). Subsequently, cases of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis due to E. sakazakii have been reported worldwide (12). Although most documented cases involve infants, reports describe infections in adults as well. Overall, case-fatality rates vary considerably with some as high as 80 percent (11). While a reservoir for E. sakazakii is unknown, a growing number of reports suggest powdered infant formulas as a vehicle for infection (17).
Between 2008 and 2014, evidence obtained using amplified fragment length polymorphism, phenotypic arrays, automated ribotyping, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, multilocus sequence typing and genome-scale phylogeny has resulted in a nomenclature change (9, 10, 14). E. sakazakii was reclassified into a new genus, Cronobacter, comprising seven species including Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter dublinensis contains three subspecies (Table 1) (8, 9, 10, 14).

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